François-Henri Toutain
Consultant
Paris, FR
Publications
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Article
European health cost trends
12 February 2026 - by Judith Houtepen, Francesca Tiozzo, Fanny Pouget, François-Henri Toutain, Clément Afoumado, Dennis Fehse, Joanne Buckle, Somya Bansal, Angela Carbone, Nicola Biscaglia, José Silveiro, Bernhard König
This article provides an overview and analysis of healthcare system structures, financing models, access, cost trends, and key health challenges across seven countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Switzerland), leveraging open data available in each market and Milliman's local expertise.