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Higher inflation is becoming an increasing concern across not only the insurance industry, but the broader economy as well. According to the PEW Research Center, the annual rate of inflation in the United States rose to 6.8% in November, which is the highest rate in almost four decades.1 We have already seen the impacts of increasing construction costs on property insurance: Property insurers face a twofold challenge, with supply chain issues increasing the cost of supplies and higher demand for construction creating shortages in available contractors and skilled labor.
Property insurers have seen this kind of situation before—just not usually across all sources of property loss, and across the entire country. Instead, they are used to localized demand surges resulting from major natural catastrophes. When a hurricane, earthquake, or other disaster hits a region, the rebuilding efforts are often hampered by a lack of supplies and contractors to meet the increased need for construction, at least in the short term. There are precedents for how insurers respond in these situations, with regard to setting individual claim reserves and assessing future rates. These precedents might also provide a view into how the insurance market might react to sustained inflationary pressures from the pandemic.
But what if a natural disaster occurs in an area that is already suffering from today’s pandemic-driven inflation? Events like Winter Storm Uri (February 2021), Hurricane Ida (August/September 2021), and the December 2021 tornados provide real-time case studies into this phenomenon. Insurers that are already feeling the pressure of higher claim severities will come under additional strains from this year’s disasters, with potentially sizable impacts on reserving and property rates in the years to come.
Photos of the aftermath of a major hurricane can be as compelling as they are devastating. Images show rows upon rows of flooded or collapsed houses, sometimes also featuring local residents trying to pull items out of the debris. At a glance, the magnitude of the rebuilding effort becomes apparent, adding an economic toll to the human toll that disasters inflict.
In the early 1990s,2 the concept of demand surge, the increase in rebuilding costs caused by the magnitude of a natural disaster in comparison to normal times, began to emerge in insurance literature. The phenomenon itself is not new, with examples dating back well over a hundred years to events such as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.3
However, quantification of demand surge was relatively new in the 1990s, and events such as Hurricane Andrew (1992) and the Northridge earthquake (1994) created a field of study that has continued to develop through to the present day. A general industry benchmark for demand surge is to expect an increase in costs of between 20% and 30% after a disaster. But these estimates can vary widely by event, by material, and by location.4 What are the major drivers of demand surge, and how might they relate to the current pandemic-driven situation?
The factors above may last for different periods of time—material shortages tend to be resolved relatively quickly once transportation is restored to an area, whereas shortages in contractors or claims personnel may have longer-lasting impacts.
To evaluate the impact of demand surge, Figure 1 compares the development at similar ages of incurred loss for a sample hurricane to the development of incurred loss for a cohort of standard homeowners property claims. We can see that the hurricane’s incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses (ALAE) take a longer time to develop to ultimate as a result of the same factors listed above that also impact demand surge.
Similarly, the emergence of paid loss is slower for our sample hurricane than for the standard homeowners property claims, particularly at earlier ages, as shown in Figure 2.
Additionally, we can better understand disaster-related slowdowns by studying the Construction Backlog Indicator (CBI), a forward-looking indicator measuring the amount of work contractors are expected to perform in the upcoming months.5 Over the last 10 years, we have tracked the change in CBI in the applicable region over the year following several major disasters, comparing this change to the comparable change in score in unimpacted regions of the country. While the scores are not solely impacted by natural disasters, we do see some evidence of correlation between a series of major natural disasters and an increase in backlogs over the following year. For example, the change in CBI in the Northeast following Hurricane Sandy was an increase of 1.2 months whereas the change in all other regions was 0.1 months. For each of the natural disasters shown in the table in Figure 3, the change in CBI in the impacted region was larger than the change in CBI in unimpacted regions, with an average difference of almost one month.
Overall, 2021 CBI is up over 2020 as well, with the total CBI in November 2021 at 8.4, relative to the November 2020 level of 7.2. Increases are seen in all regions, with the South and Middle States showing the largest increase in the year.
Through their experience with past events, insurers have developed various ways to respond to and even mitigate the potential impacts of demand surge. We can review these techniques and responses to consider which are likely to be most impacted by the current pandemic inflationary environment.
Mitigation often starts in the immediate aftermath of an event, even before claims are filed. Insurance companies coordinate rapid-response triaging such as sending in crews to help tie down or otherwise take immediate remediation measures to properties (e.g., an actively leaking roof). The goal of these mitigation efforts is to prevent further damage by ongoing adverse conditions. In fact, these efforts can be particularly important when an area is hit by multiple major events within a short period of time. In 2020, for example, Louisiana was impacted by three significant hurricanes (Laura, Delta, and Zeta) within about a month's span. Multiple catastrophes can also lead to coverage concerns regarding which event actually caused the most material damage to a structure.
Insurers also respond to potential demand surge by making changes to their claims handling and reserving processes. Some of these measures were discussed previously (e.g., hiring third-party claims adjusters to handle the excess number of claims); others, including segmenting catastrophe-impacted claims for separate loss reserving, are handled at the actuarial level. While estimating incurred but not reported (IBNR) reserves may not have an impact on any particular claim’s final settlement value, being able to accurately account for the particular characteristics of a catastrophe (including demand surge) is essential for insurers to be able to make accurate decisions regarding the impact of the event to their companies and alert their reinsurance partners in a timely manner. In doing so, insurance companies are likely to benchmark claims expectations to previous severe events.
Finally, the last consequence of major catastrophe events is that insurers will often pursue rate increases after an updated review of their claims experience and a renewal of their reinsurance programs. In theory, any particular catastrophe event that a company provides coverage for will have already been modeled and accounted for in the premiums that they charged for that policy period. Catastrophe models, however, are continually being updated to reflect the latest experience and conditions, and each event a company provides coverage for will help reassess its potential exposure and allow it to better evaluate future potential rate changes. A similar trend occurs in the reinsurance markets, which often see even larger impacts on financial performance from large catastrophes, and thus tend to be more price-sensitive after the occurrence of hurricanes and similar large events.
Given what we know about standard demand surge, how might we expect the insurance industry to respond when a higher inflationary environment is compounded by a significant loss event such as Hurricane Ida, which some estimates expect to produce more than $30 billion of insurance industry losses?6
In at least one instance, we already know the answer. The catastrophe modeling firm Risk Management Services (RMS), when producing its initial industry estimate of $31 billion to $44 billion for the event, noted that it expects many Hurricane Ida losses to be associated with what it called “post-event loss amplification” arising from a combination of standard demand surge factors, as well as COVID-19-related inflationary pressures.7 The combination of these factors is a major driver of RMS’s estimate, which is approximately 30% higher than those produced by other peer catastrophe modeling firms.
In other regards, it is too soon to know exactly how demand surge will factor into Hurricane Ida payouts, which are just beginning to be processed at the time of this article. However, we can track four metrics over the upcoming months to help inform these projections:
With evidence that we currently in an era of increasing natural disaster impacts (due to populations gathering in high-risk areas and potential climate risk impacts), the topic of demand surge will become increasingly relevant, no matter the underlying economic conditions. In an inflationary environment such as the one the United States currently faces, determining the interaction of both phenomena may be tricky—but it is an effort that informed insurers will certainly benefit from having completed.
1 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (December 10, 2021). Consumer Price Index Summary. Economic News Release. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm.
2 Examples including an Insurance Services Office publication (1994), “A ‘demand surge’ in materials, labor, and living costs…increases costs much more than if each loss had occurred separately.”
3 Reid, W. (April 1908). Address at Luton Chamber of Commerce Annual Dinner. In the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
4 Olsen, Anna H. & Porter, Keith A. (January 2010). What We Know about Demand Surge. Structural Engineering and Structural Mechanics. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.sparisk.com/pubs/Olsen-2010-CU-WWKADS.pdf.
5 Associated Builders and Contractors, Inc.
6 Scism, L. (September 22, 2021). Ida Storm Damage Expected to Cost Insurers at Least $31 Billion. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/ida-storm-damage-expected-to-cost-insurers-atleast-31-billion-11632303002.
7 RMS (September 16, 2021). RMS Estimates US$31-$44 Billion in Total U.S. Onshore and Offshore Insured Losses from Hurricane Ida. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.rms.com/newsroom/press-releases/press-detail/2021-09-16/rms-estimates-us31-44-billion-in-total-us-onshore-and-offshore-insured-losses-from-hurricane-ida.
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A tale of two catastrophes: Demand surge and inflation put property insurers in a bind
Insurers with higher claim severities will face additional strains from recent disasters, leading to potentially sizable impacts on reserving and property rates.